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    • 专利摘要:
    plant for waste disposal and associated method. a plant (1) for waste disposal including: supercritical water oxidation reactor (scwo), supercritical water gasification reactor (scwg), feed system configured to feed at least two organic streams (w1_in, w2_in, w3_in, wn_in) of waste to said supercritical water oxidation reactor (scwo) and supercritical water gasification reactor (scwg) and configured to feed an aqueous stream (pw, pls) within said plant (1), wherein said feed system is configured to feed an aqueous stream (pw, pls) with a series flow through the supercritical water oxidation reactor (scwo) and supercritical water gasification reactor (scwg), and wherein said feed system is further configured to feed two organic waste streams with a parallel flow through said supercritical water oxidation reactor (scwo) and supercritical water gasification reactor (scwg) and in order to feed selectively nt each of the organic waste streams to said supercritical water oxidation reactor (scwo) and to said supercritical water gasification reactor (scwg). furthermore, a corresponding method for waste disposal is described. finally, a comprehensive description of the possibilities of thermal and energy integration in general between the two sections of the plant (gasification and oxidation) is provided.
    公开号:BR112017021766B1
    申请号:R112017021766-0
    申请日:2016-04-11
    公开日:2021-07-27
    发明作者:Alberto BRUCATO；Giuseppe Caputo；Franco GRISAFI；Francesca SCARGIALI；Gianluca Tumminelli；Gaetano Tuzzolino；Roberto D'AGOSTINO；Roberto Rizzo
    申请人:Archimede S.R.L.；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Field of Invention
    [001] The present invention relates to a waste disposal plant and a corresponding disposal method, characterized by a high energy efficiency. The present invention, moreover, was developed with special reference to plants in which, in addition to disposal, the recovery of discarded waste is foreseen, with simultaneous production of biofuels and energy conversion for external use. Prior Technique and General Technical Problem
    [002] Waste disposal is so far basically provided in a specific way for the type of waste treated. In particular, for certain types of waste that are hazardous to the environment and human health, it is necessary to provide separate treatment plants with post-treatment systems for the reaction products that will allow only harmless species to be released into the atmosphere.
    [003] A consolidated technology in the sector is that of incinerators, which, however, are affected by performance limits due to the substantial impossibility of achieving a complete and ideal combustion of waste.
    [004] In particular, the combustion of waste in an industrial incinerator always gives rise to reaction products containing partially reacted species, despite all the measures taken to favor the exposure of waste to combustion air due to the intrinsic inefficiency of this mode of treatment waste. The result is therefore a stream of reaction products that contain many dangerous species, which may require a very complex after-treatment system (which is also characterized by operational limits, of course).
    [005] In addition to the aforementioned operating limits, incinerators are also characterized by a low value of the ratio between treated waste mass and recoverable energy. In other words, the possibility of converting energy streams otherwise dispersed by the incinerator into additional energy that can be used elsewhere is extremely low compared to the amount of waste entering the incinerator.
    [006] To overcome these limits, a large part of research activity in the sector has focused on the development of alternative waste disposal systems. An example of alternative technologies for waste treatment and disposal is supercritical water gasification (SCWG) and supercritical water oxidation (SCWO). The two technologies are generally used individually in several treatment plants (ie supercritical water gasification or supercritical water oxidation is used), although some proposals have recently been made for combining these technologies.
    [007] In particular, a proposal for a waste disposal plant that combines supercritical water gasification and supercritical water oxidation is illustrated in the paper by Qian, et al., "Treatment of sewage sludge in supercritical water and evaluation of the combined process of supercritical water gasification and oxidation", Bioresource Technology, 176 (2015) 218 - 224.
    [008] The document focuses on the use of a plant that includes an SCWO reactor and an SCWG reactor, where the SCWO reactor is used for the treatment only of the liquid phase leaving the gasification reactor, which is contaminated by by-products of the reaction of SCWG in SCWG reactor.
    [009] The latter is configured for the disposal of sludge containing organic material in small quantities, such as, for example, sludge from plants for the purification of residential, commercial or industrial wastewater.
    [0010] However, this plant and the corresponding method for waste disposal have proven to be very costly from an energy standpoint, as there is an extremely low energy conversion inherent in the discarded waste into energy that can be used in others. places. In particular, the process is characterized by an extremely low production of biofuels per unit of mass of incoming waste and, therefore, it is characterized by a low yield in recovery, understood as recovery of treated waste for the production of energy products and/or high quality synthesis (biofuels).
    [0011] Furthermore, the type of waste referred to in that document is strictly limited to sewage sludge. The scheme and characteristics of the plant described therein are such as to make the treatment substantially impractical of a wide range of waste that is not gasifiable or has a low gasification yield, such as high molecular weight organic waste, whether liquid or solid (pesticides, pharmaceuticals, heavy and bituminous oils, pet-coke, macromolecules and polymers, etc.), where this is due to the type and intrinsic characteristics of the polluting agent or agents (physical state, molecular weight, concentration, etc.). ) and the technological limits resulting from the clogging and occlusion of the reactor that make the process discontinuous as a result of the need for continuous cleaning and decalcification interventions of the equipment and the reactor itself.
    [0012] Basically, the purpose of the plant described in the document by Qian, et al., is to eliminate the waste that arrives by carrying out a low temperature gasification, thus obtaining a fuel with a methane concentration higher than what can be obtained with the treatment of the gasification of pure supercritical water at high temperature, which, however, could ensure the formation of less reaction by-products.
    [0013] The provision of the supercritical water oxidation reactor at the end of the gasification process allows, in fact, the reduction of working temperatures in the gasification reactor, increasing the methane yield, even if the total yield is less than one supercritical water gasification carried out at higher temperatures.
    [0014] The supercritical water oxidation unit has the sole purpose of destroying the organic compounds that were not gasified as a function of the lower temperature of the gasification unit. This method, however, does not prevent the methane produced from being polluted by traces of other hydrocarbons and by hydrogen in quantities that do not allow its introduction into the network.
    [0015] Furthermore, the yield in terms of waste recovery - understood as the ratio between the mass flow of the synthesis gas at the outlet and the mass flow of the waste at the inlet - is low, as is the energy efficiency of the process in terms of the ratio between the lower calorific value of the output synthesis gas per unit mass of treated waste and the energy spent per unit mass input of treated waste needed to sustain the process (traditional fossil fuel or thermal energy consumption provided to the system as a whole). Object of the Invention
    [0016] The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the technical problems mentioned above.
    [0017] In particular, the aim of the invention is to provide a plant for waste disposal and to provide a corresponding method for waste disposal that will allow the undifferentiated treatment of organic waste of various natures and in different physical states (solid, liquid, gaseous , multiphase mixtures, etc.), regardless of the danger of the waste itself, while achieving extremely high energy efficiency with minimal environmental impact. Secondly, the objective of the present invention is to provide a plant (and a corresponding method) in which, in addition to the elimination of waste, a recovery of the waste itself is provided, with energy efficiency and yield in terms of recovery and recovery of the waste. waste that is extremely high with minimal environmental impact. Invention Summary
    [0018] The purpose of the present invention is achieved by a plant for waste disposal and a method for waste disposal with the characteristics that constitute the object of the following claims, which form an integral part of the technical description provided herein in relation to the invention.
    [0019] In particular, the object of the invention is achieved by a plant for waste disposal including:
    [0020] - a supercritical water oxidation reactor,
    [0021] - a supercritical water gasification reactor,
    [0022] - a feed system configured to feed at least two organic waste streams to said supercritical water oxidation reactor and the supercritical water gasification reactor and configured to feed at least one aqueous stream within said plant,
    [0023] wherein said feed system is configured to feed said at least one aqueous stream with a series flow through said supercritical water oxidation reactor and supercritical water gasification reactor and
    [0024] wherein said feed system is further configured to feed said at least two organic waste streams with a parallel flow through said supercritical water oxidation reactor and supercritical water gasification reactor and in order to selectively feed each of said organic waste streams to said supercritical water oxidation reactor or to said supercritical water gasification reactor.
    [0025] The object of the invention is, furthermore, achieved by a method for the disposal of waste in a waste disposal plant, including:
    [0026] - a supercritical water oxidation reactor,
    [0027] - a supercritical water gasification reactor,
    [0028] - a waste stream feed system configured to feed at least two organic waste streams to said supercritical water oxidation reactor and supercritical water gasification reactor and to feed at least one aqueous stream within said plant ,
    [0029] the method comprising the steps of:
    [0030] - feed, through said feed system, said at least two organic waste streams with a parallel flow through said supercritical water oxidation reactor and supercritical water gasification reactor and in order to selectively send each of said organic waste streams to said supercritical water oxidation reactor or to said supercritical water gasification reactor,
    [0031] - feeding, by means of said feeding system, said at least one aqueous stream with a series flow through said supercritical water gasification reactor and supercritical water oxidation reactor. Brief Description of Figures
    [0032] Figure 1 illustrates a principle diagram of a plant and a method according to various embodiments of the invention;
    [0033] - Figure 2 is a schematic overview of a preferred embodiment of a waste disposal plant according to the present invention; and
    [0034] - figures 2A and 2B are enlarged views of two sections of the plan corresponding, respectively, to the sections designated by the letters A and B in figure 2 for greater clarity of representation. Detailed Description
    [0035] Referring to Figure 1, a waste disposal plant and a corresponding disposal method according to various embodiments of the invention can be schematically represented as illustrated here. In this context, reference numeral 1 designates as a whole the diagram of figure 1, which can be considered equivalent to both the waste disposal plant and the waste disposal method according to the invention.
    [0036] In particular, plant 1 includes a supercritical water gasification reactor, designated by the SCWG reference, a supercritical water oxidation reactor, designated by the SCWO reference, and a feed system, which is capable of feeding the plant 1 , at least one aqueous stream and at least two organic waste streams. It should be noted that, for the purposes of this description, by the term "feeding system" is meant a set of devices capable of feeding the waste at the entrance of plant 1, but also within plant 1 itself, where by the term "waste ", in turn, means any compound or chemical species that enters plant 1 or circulates therein that requires treatment before leaving plant 1.
    [0037] Furthermore, it should be noted that the expression "at least two organic streams" comprises not only the situations in which two (or more) effectively distinct organic streams are fed to plant 1, but also the case where only a stream containing the organic compounds is fed simultaneously (in parallel) to the two SCWG and SCWO reactors (creating, in fact, two organic streams) to generate in the SCWO oxidation reactor the thermal energy needed to gasify the fraction (usually the majority fraction) fed to the SCWG gasification reactor.
    [0038] In more detail, the feed system is configured to feed plant 1, at least two organic waste streams W1_IN, W2_IN and Wn_IN, the latter being assumed as the n-th stream, possibly optional: as mentioned, the organic streams are in at least two; in the specific example of figure 2, the references W1_IN, W2_IN, W3_IN will be used.
    [0039] Examples of organic waste that constitute one or more of the above streams include:
    [0040] - a solid organic stream, such as burning plant residues for pyrolysis or thermal cracking of residues and/or biomass, such as paper, cardboard, plastics, tires, rubbers, fibers, resins, fabrics, WDF (fuel derived from residues), biomass, such as those derived from pruning, wood, etc.;
    [0041] - a solid organic stream such as petroleum coke, carbon black, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dioxins;
    [0042] - an organic stream in liquid phase comprising, for example, mixtures of organic compounds, such as heavy waste oils from pyrolysis plants or plants for thermal cracking of waste and/or biomass, such as paper, cardboard, tires plastic, rubber, fibers, resins, fabrics, WDF (Waste Derived Fuel), biomass such as those derived from pruning, wood, etc.,
    [0043] - a liquid organic stream, such as oils, solvents, paints, etc.
    [0044] With regard to the at least two organic waste streams, the feed system is configured to feed these streams in parallel to the SCWO and SCWG reactors, which means, therefore, a selective feed to a reactor (SCWO ) or to the other reactor (SCWG) according to the characteristics of the waste transported by the various organic streams: this is represented in the diagram in figure 1, in particular by the two-headed arrow covering the perimeter of the plant 1.
    [0045] Obviously, it is also possible that one or more of the waste streams entering the plant are constituted by inorganic waste or, in any case, waste with a non-preponderant organic load, such as, by way of non-exhaustive example, the aqueous streams of residential, commercial and/or industrial wastewater, washing water, contaminated and/or polluted water (see, for example, a WW_IN stream, as described below), residential, commercial and industrial sludge or sludge from quarries or refinery mining activities, etc., provided that there are at least two organic streams.
    [0046] In the present description, the terms "organic" and "inorganic" are used with reference to the most common definition, whereby an organic compound is defined as a compound in which one or more carbon atoms are bonded through covalent bonding to atoms of other elements with the exclusion of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and carbonates.
    [0047] The waste feed system is furthermore configured for feeding and/or circulating one or more water streams, including:
    [0048] - at least one PLS aqueous stream, which is obtained by cooling the effluent (reaction products) of the SCWG reactor and contains non-gasified organic and/or inorganic waste: this stream, as will be seen, is circulated from the SCWG reactor to the SCWO reactor to obtain a complete mineralization and inertization and the waste contained therein;
    [0049] - at least one WW_IN aqueous stream, possibly containing organic and/or inorganic species, in quantities such as obtaining the necessary title or water consumption in the two reactors; this one or more WW_IN aqueous streams can be constituted, for example, by waste streams from residential, commercial and/or industrial wastewater, washing water, water contaminated and/or polluted by organic and inorganic chemical agents (for example, water from paper mills, sewage, dyeing and leather industry waters, industrial water emulsions, percolates from urban waste dumps, water to be purified due to the presence of surfactants, hydrocarbons, herbicides, pesticides, metals heavy, etc.); and
    [0050] - possibly a stream of substantially pure water PW, which comes from the SCWO reactor and is fed to the SCWG supercritical water gasification reactor as water for the gasification reaction (can be supplied, as will be seen, already in supercritical conditions. percritical to provide thermal integration within the plant 1), in the case where the aqueous stream WW_IN fed to the SCWG supercritical water gasification reactor has a flow that is insufficient to satisfy the demand of the supercritical water gasification reactor, of in order to restore a required flow rate; in particular, the supply of the current PW occurs in the case where the flow of the WW_IN current is not sufficient to reach the necessary title to sustain the reactions in the SCWO and SCWG reactors, or else in the case where the WW_IN current has characteristics of dirt, in order to inhibit its use in heat exchangers necessary for the thermal integration between the two SCWO and SCWG reactors (this is because the extremely polluted wastewater streams can lead to occlusions and general malfunction of the heat exchangers) ; it should be noted that the exploitation of the PW stream further reduces the environmental impact of plant 1, as it eliminates the need to resort to spring water (when available) for the integration of the amount of water from the WW_IN stream, which - in instead - it would make the process less sustainable from an environmental point of view due to the exploitation of primary resources (spring water).
    [0051] It should be noted that the PLS and PW currents are currents that flow within plant 1 and flow in series through the two SCWO and SCWG reactors, while the WW_IN current (or currents) is supplied from outside of plant 1. In addition, it should be noted that there may be other passages and/or exchanges of waste between the two sections of the plant (SCWG and SCWO) according to the needs related to the destruction of the waste itself.
    [0052] The products leaving plant 1 generally include inert ash 1A, water suitable to be discharged into the SWW environment, and gas that is SFG innocuous with regard to the oxidation section (the SCWO reactor and the after-treatment unit of your reaction products), while it includes purified synthesis gas SG with regard to the gasification section (the SCWG reactor and the unit for post-treatment of your reaction products).
    [0053] Globally, the plant yields to the external environment also useful energy EU. Furthermore, within the plant there is a transfer of energy E between the oxidation and gasification sections, thanks to the thermal integration (and energy integration in general) between the two sections. In particular, as will be seen, a part of the thermal energy produced in the SCWO oxidation reactor is used to heat the water that enters the SCWG gasification reactor, in any case, recovering the other part in the form of process heat and disposing of it. a, through the thermocombustible fluid, for various uses. In other words, present in plant 1 is also a system for circulating thermal energy between the supercritical water oxidation section and the supercritical water gasification section configured to allow the exploitation of part of the heat produced by the supercritical water oxidation reaction to meet the energy requirements of the gasification reaction.
    [0054] With reference to figure 2, a plant 1 according to a preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described in detail, with reference to the layout of the plant presented here.
    [0055] The description will be developed mainly with reference to figures 2A and 2B, which illustrate two sections of the plan of figure 2 in enlarged scale, and both have five terminations A, B, C, D, E at the points of division of the diagram, to indicate the continuity of the two representations.
    [0056] Referring to Figures 2A and 2B, the plan includes seven incoming mass streams and nine outgoing mass streams. Input mass streams include:
    [0057] i) an oxygen inflow OX_IN to supply the SCWO reactor,
    [0058] ii - iii) the organic waste streams W1_IN, W3_IN, which constitute the organic waste streams and correspond, respectively, and, by way of example, to carbon black and heavy oil with medium sulfur content; by the term "carbon black" means in general (merely by way of non-exhaustive example) carbon black itself, soot, coal, coke, pet-coke and plant burning for pyrolysis and/or thermal cracking of residues and biomass ; the term "heavy oil with medium sulfur content" is instead intended to comprise, by way of non-exhaustive example only, residual oils from plants for pyrolysis and/or thermal cracking of residues and biomass, and more generally oils , solvents, and paints; in this context, a plant for the pyrolysis or cracking of residues and/or biomass of various natures and/or other units for the physicochemical pre-treatment of residues can be envisaged in this context. that arrive in their raw condition (for example, tires, rubbers, resins, plastics, fibers, paper, cardboard, WDF, etc.); this may become necessary in case the waste to be treated does not have in its raw form - that is, in the form in which it reaches plant 1 - characteristics suitable for treatment in plant 1 itself;
    [0059] iv) the W2_IN stream, which functionally corresponds to the WW_IN aqueous stream, possibly containing organic and/or inorganic species, and consisting, for example, of discharge infiltration (water contaminated by organic chemical agents that determine its chemical oxygen demand - COD - and the biological demand for oxygen - BOD - and by inorganic chemical agents such as heavy metals, ammonia, etc., in the specific example considered here, which will emerge more clearly from the description below, the flow rate of the W2_IN current is not adequate or not sufficient to achieve the required titer (or water consumption) in both SCWO and SCWG reactors;
    [0060] v - vi) a first flow and a second flow of thermofuel fluid THER1IN and THER2IN, for example, diathermic oil, but also, for example, water vapor, molten salts and any other available thermofuel fluid;
    [0061] vii) an inflow of calcium carbonate CACO3IN or, in general, a flow of any Lewis base capable of neutralizing acidic streams with the formation of saline precipitates.
    [0062] As for the outgoing mass flows, the plan includes the following:
    [0063] i) a gas outflow gas GAS_OUT basically containing carbon dioxide, water vapor and small amounts of oxygen and nitrogen;
    [0064] ii) an SLD inert solid waste stream consisting basically of calcium sulfites and sulfates obtained by neutralization with calcium carbonate of an aqueous solution of sulfurous acid and sulfuric acid, respectively;
    [0065] iii) an outflow stream of purified water SWW;
    [0066] iv) an inert ash flow at the SCWO reactor outlet, designated by the IAO reference;
    [0067] v) an inert ash flow at the SCWG reactor outlet, designated by reference IAG;
    [0068] vi) an outflow of biomethane CH4OUT, which constitutes a plant 1 product that can be used anywhere, for example, in a residential, commercial or industrial gas distribution network;
    [0069] vii) an elemental sulfur outflow stream S_OUT;
    [0070] viiI) an outflow of carbon dioxide CO2OUT;
    [0071] ix) an output flow of the thermofuel fluid THE-ROUT, which is equal to the sum of the flows THER1OUT and THER2OUT, which are, in turn, equal to the flows THER1IN and THER2IN.
    [0072] The components of plant 1 and the connection modalities between them will now be described. For simplicity of description, the connections between the components - which are all so as to configure fluid communication - will be referred to as a whole as "connection", as it is generally known in the art how such connections are to be made.
    [0073] Plant 1 includes a first mixing unit M1, which receives the flows W1_IN and W2_IN at the input. The unit M1 is in fluid communication, via a connection 1, with the inlet port of a first pump P1, which delivery port is in fluid communication, via a connection 2, with a second mixing unit M2.
    [0074] The second unit M2 is in fluid communication, through a connection, 3 with the SCWO supercritical water oxidation reactor. The latter is, moreover, in fluid communication with a second pump P2, which sends the inflow of oxygen (cryogenic) OX_IN to the SCWO reactor, via connection 4.
    [0075] In alternative embodiments, instead of the cryogenic oxygen inflow OX_IN, a compressed air flow at the operating pressure of the SCWO reactor can be used, which contains - in addition to the oxygen necessary to operate the SCWO reactor at an equal flow rate to the OX_IN flow - also nitrogen, carbon dioxide and traces of noble gases. In this variant, an air compressor will have to be provided in the plant of figure 2 to feed said flow to the SCWO reactor.
    [0076] The SCWO reactor also includes two outlet holes, at first glance being in view of a discharge outlet from which the IAO flow is (here schematically represented as connection 6, actually a collection environment at the bottom of the reactor ) and the second being in fluid communication with a first HEX1 heat exchanger - in particular with a first flow path therein - via a connection 5, which is configured to transport the flow of reaction products from the SCWO reactor.
    [0077] The upstream of the reaction products from the SCWO reactor goes through the HEX1 heat exchanger, exiting through a connection 7, through which the HEX1 heat exchanger is in fluid communication with a second HEX2 heat exchanger, in particular with a first flow path. It should be noted that the second flow path of the HEX2 heat exchanger carries the THER1IN flow, which exits the HEX2 heat exchanger as the THER1OUT flow.
    [0078] From the HEX2 heat exchanger there is a connection 8, through which the first flow path of the HEX2 heat exchanger is in fluid communication with a third HEX3 heat exchanger - in particular with a flow path therein - and where connection 8 is once again configured to transport the reaction products from the SCWO reactor.
    [0079] The path of reaction products from the SCWO reactor outside the HEX3 heat exchanger proceeds through a connection 9, which sets up fluid communication with a COOL5 cooler. The latter is in fluid communication with a lamination valve V1 via a connection 10, while a connection 11 downstream of the valve V1 sets up fluid communication with a first liquid/gas separator FLASH1.
    [0080] The FLASH1 separator includes two outlet holes, each configured for draining a corresponding phase (liquid or gaseous) of the reaction products of the SCWO reactor. In particular, from a first outlet port of the FLASH1 separator is an 11LIQ connection configured to drain the reaction products into the liquid phase, while from a second outlet port there is an 11GAS connection configured to drain the reaction products in the gas phase.
    [0081] The 11LIQ connection distributes into an inlet hole inside a first membrane separator MEMBR1, which is provided with two outlet holes.
    [0082] From a first outlet port there is a connection 12, which sets up fluid communication with the inlet port of a P4 pump, while from a second outlet port is a connection 13 that reaches a valve of V3 lamination. The 11GAS connection is instead in direct view of a V2 lamination valve, which allows the pressure of the fluid passing through it (in this case gas) to be reduced. Starting downstream of valve V3 is a connection 14, which distributes to the inlet port of a NEUTRAL neutralizer.
    [0083] The NEUTRAL neutralizer receives at the entrance the flow of calcium carbonate CACO3IN (or, as mentioned, any other Lewis base capable of neutralizing acidic currents with the formation of saline precipitates) and includes two exit holes. A first outlet port is in fluid communication with an SPL divider via a connection 15, while exiting the second outlet port is the inert residue SLD (hydrated calcium sulfate - gypsum).
    [0084] In addition, the SPL divider includes two outlet ports, wherein a first outlet port is in fluid communication with the inlet port of a SCRUB sulfur scrubber via a connection 15_1, while a second port The outlet port is in fluid communication with the inlet port of a second MEMBR2 membrane separator. The MEMBR2 separator is also provided with two outlet holes, where at the outlet of a first outlet port is the SWW flow, while a second outlet port is in fluid communication with a second inlet port of the NEUTRAL neutralizer by means of a recirculation connection 16.
    [0085] Configured downstream of valve V2 is a connection 17, which passes from connection 11GAS to a HEAT heat exchanger, from which fluid communication proceeds with a connection 18 to a second inlet port of the SCRUB sulfur scrubber. The SCRUB scrubber also includes two outlet ports, in particular a first outlet port which comes out of which is the flow GAS_OUT of purified exhaust gas and a second outlet port, which is in fluid communication with a third inlet port of the neu - NEUTRAL transducer.
    [0086] The delivery port of the P4 pump (which processes the flow passing through connection 12) is in fluid communication, through a connection 20, with a second flow path inside the HEX3 heat exchanger (where the exchange of heat is obtained with the fluid flowing in the first respective path). The flow that passes along the second flow path of the HEX3 heat exchanger leaves it through a connection 21, through which a fluid communication is configured with a second flow path on the HEX1 heat exchanger (where the heat exchanger is obtained with the fluid flowing in the first respective path). The flow passes along the second flow path of the HEX1 heat exchanger leaving it via a connection 22, whereby a fluid communication is configured with a fourth HEX4 heat exchanger, in particular with a first flow path the same. Flowing in the second flow path of the HEX4 heat exchanger (inlet connection 23 and outlet connection 24) is instead a diathermic thermofuel fluid, which is foreign to the plant, eg (again) diathermic oil .
    [0087] The flux that passes through the HEX4 heat exchanger leaves it through a connection 25, by means of which a fluid communication is configured with an inlet port of the SCWG reactor.
    [0088] In any case, it should be noted that the HEX4 heat exchanger is generally optional, as it has the sole function of modulating the inlet temperature of the gasification reactor: in alternative modalities, plant 1 may be without it, with the consequent direct connection between the output of the second flow path of the HEX1 heat exchanger and the (first) inlet of the SCWG reactor (which is an orifice for feeding water for the gasification reaction, as will be seen).
    [0089] The SCWG reactor is additionally fed with the organic waste stream W3_IN (in this modality) by means of a P3 pump. Delivery of the P3 pump for this purpose is in fluid communication, via a connection 26, to a second inlet port of the SCWG reactor. The latter also includes two outlet ports, in particular a first outlet port from which there is a connection 27, configured to transport the reaction products of the SCWG reactor and configure fluid communication with the inlet port of a COOL2 cooler and a second outlet port corresponding to the discharge for the IAG inert ash (here schematically represented as a connection 28, actually a collection room at the bottom of the reactor).
    [0090] The COOL2 cooler further includes an outlet port, which is in fluid communication, via a connection 29, with a fifth HEX5 heat exchanger, in particular with a first flow path therein. It should be noted that the second flow path of the HEX5 heat exchanger - as well as the HEX2 heat exchanger - carries the THER2IN flow, which leaves the HEX5 heat exchanger as THER2OUT flow and is aggregated through an M4 mixing unit to the THER1OUT flow resulting in the discharge of THERMOUT thermal fuel fluid.
    [0091] The first flow path of the HEX5 heat exchanger proceeds outside the plant through a connection 30, which sets up a fluid communication with the inlet port of a COOL3 cooler. Proceeding from the outlet port of the COOL3 cooler is a fitting 31, which distributes into the inlet port of a third liquid/gas separator FLASH3. The FLASH 3 separator includes two outlet ports, the first configured to transport the reaction products of the SCWG reactor in the gas phase, being in fluid communication with a V4 lamination valve via a 31GAS connection and the second being in fluid communication with a second inlet port of the mixing unit M2 via a 31LIQ connection, which is configured to transport the reaction products from the SCWG reactor in the liquid phase.
    [0092] Starting downstream of valve V4 is a connection 32, which sets up a fluid communication with the inlet of a unit for hydrogen sulfide adsorption H2SREM, which is configured to process the gas flow from the 31GAS connection, purging it of excess hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is thus converted to elemental sulfur and expelled through an S_OUT discharge.
    [0093] The output of the H2SREM unit is in fluid communication with the input of a CO2REM carbon dioxide separator via a 33 connection. The CO2REM separator is configured to process the gas flow coming from the 31GAS connection (and has already passed by the H2SREM unit) purging itself of excess carbon dioxide, which is therefore released to the atmosphere through the CO2OUT discharge.
    [0094] Finally, the output of the CO2REM separator is in fluid communication with an isothermal catalytic converter H2CONV, within which the gas flow leaving the CO2REM separator through connection 34 is made to react, giving rise to the biomethane flow CH4OUT.
    [0095] The operation of plant 1 is described in the following.
    [0096] As a preliminary note on the operation of the SCWO and SCWG reactors, in a known manner, in the SCWO supercritical water oxidation reactor, a supercritical water oxidation treatment of organic waste is carried out at temperatures above the critical temperature of the water (T = 374 °C) and at a pressure above the critical water pressure (p > 22 MPa). The organic matter is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide by cryogenic oxygen (supplied through the P2 pump - OX_IN flow, alternatively oxygen present in the air fed by means of a compressor, as already mentioned) inside the aqueous medium. In this process, toxic and highly hazardous waste can be converted into compounds that can be safely released into the environment.
    [0097] The complete miscibility of organic compounds with supercritical water avoids limitations on mass transfer and on the degree of reaction of chemical species that afflict incinerators of a known type, in which emissions of unwanted chemical species occur in any case.
    [0098] Instead, in the SCWO reactor, organic compounds are completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. Heteroatoms, such as, for example, chlorine, sulfur or phosphorus, if present in the organic waste stream, are converted into mineral acids (hydrochloric acid HCl, sulfuric acid H2SO4 or phosphoric acid H3PO4), while possibly contained nitrogen in the waste stream, it mainly forms inert nitrogen N2 and a small amount of nitrogen dioxide N2O.
    [0099] Dioxins and NOx nitrogen oxides generally do not form due to low process temperatures. In the case that they are present at the entrance, dioxins could be completely oxidized to carbon dioxide, water and mineral acids. Salts deriving from the neutralization of acids can be precipitated by the supercritical mixture and extracted from the bottom of the SCWO reactor together with other inorganic ash.
    [00100] Provided in the following are some examples of overall residue oxidation reactions that occur in the SCWG reactor:Carbon: C + O2 ^ CO2Organic compound: CxHyOz + (x + y / 4-z / 2) O2 ^ x CO2 + y / 2 H2O Cellulose: C6H10O5 + 6O2 ^ 6CO2 + 5H2O Dioxin (PCCD): Ch^^^^^-Ch + I102 ^ 12CO2 + 4HCl
    [00101] The process time for the complete conversion of organic waste into oxidized and non-hazardous chemical species is of the order of magnitude of seconds or minutes, depending on the type of organic waste and its concentration of water. Due to the low values of the dielectric constant and the ionic product of water, ionic reactions are inhibited. As a result are the radicals that promote the reaction mechanism.
    [00102] The global oxidation reactions in the SCWO reactor have the following differential expression: d [S] / dt = -k [S]a [O2]b
    [00103] where S is the compound to be oxidized. The constant k follows a functional temperature dependence T according to Arrhenius' law and therefore can be expressed as k = A • exp (-Ea / RT), where Ea represents the activation energy of the reaction.
    [00104] As regards, instead, the SCWG reactor, a water stream and an organic waste stream that are energetically suitable for treatment in the reactor are supplied to them under supercritical conditions. Supercritical water plays the role of the reaction medium for gasification which leads to hydrolysis reactions in parallel with pyrolysis reactions.
    [00105] The gasification of supercritical water is a direct form of formation of gases such as hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and light hydrocarbons (C2-C3), no carbon residue formation.
    [00106] After separating the gases from the water, a synthesis gas is obtained that is at high pressure and is useful for subsequent applications.
    [00107] The kinetic scheme of the reaction is very complex: it comprises several steps with the formation of a wide range of reaction intermediates through a mechanism promoted by radicals. As a guide, a reaction mechanism can be taken as a reference, which comprises a hydrocarbon reforming reaction of the type: CXHY + XH2O ^ (x + y / 2) H2 + xCO
    [00108] and a water-gas transition phase, which allows the conversion of carbon monoxide into hydrogen:CO + H2O ^ H2 + CO2
    [00109] and finally a methanation phase, which allows the conversion of hydrogen into methane:CO + 3H2 ^ CH4 + H2O
    [00110] Since the methanation reaction is markedly exothermic, it is not favorable at temperatures of 600 °C or higher, such as those usually achieved in SCWG reactors. For this reason, the methane concentration is low when gasification takes place at high temperatures (T > 500 °C). In operation at high temperature, the main product is composed of hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4). The sulfur present in the organic waste stream is reduced to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Insoluble salts that may be present in the reactor are then recovered from the bottom of the reactor as precipitated salts.
    [00111] That having been said, in the modality of plant 1 represented in figures 2, 2A and 2B, the organic waste stream W1_IN corresponds to a flow rate of 2000 kg / h of infiltration of waste (the value should be considered purely as an example for this plant), the organic waste stream W2_IN corresponds to a flow rate of 320 kg / h of carbon black, while the organic waste stream W3_IN corresponds to a flow rate of 500 kg / h (the value is to be considered only as an example for this plant) of heavy oil from pyrolysis (with medium sulfur content).
    [00112] The OX_IN flow corresponds to a liquid oxygen flow of 920 kg / h (the value should be considered only as an example for this plant) coming from a storage tank at a temperature of -153 °C and a pressure of (10 bar). Alternatively, it is possible to use a flow of compressed air that is equivalent to the above flow of cryogenic oxygen OX_IN. As can be seen from figure 2A, upstream of plant 1, the waste feed system is configured to selectively feed the organic streams to the SCWO reactor or to the SCWG reactor, which are therefore supplied in parallel with the organic streams and selectively based on criteria to optimize the efficiency and effectiveness of the treatment, as well as to avoid occlusions and staggering in the reactors according to the chemical-physical characteristics of the streams themselves. Furthermore, it should be borne in mind that the waste feeding system referred to in the present description is not only limited to the machines (ie the P1, P3 pumps) that feed the waste to plant 1, but also comprise all the other pumps or plant components, including the connections between the components, which allow configuring the current circulation conditions (organic and inorganic). Given these premises, thus forming part of the waste feeding system are also the separators FLASH1, FLASH3, MEMBR1, MEMBR2 and even the SCWO and SCWG reactors, which create the pressure (and temperature) conditions of the fluid needed for its circulation.
    [00113] In this specific case, the heavy oil that constitutes current W3_IN is particularly suitable for direct treatment in the SCWG reactor compared to current W1_IN. The reason for this is the low content of species that generate ash in the conversion process and the high gasification capacity compared to the W1_IN current, which allows for more contained reaction times and a higher degree of conversion of the reactants, with less consequential formation of bituminous products that would cause the scale and obscure the lines downstream of the SCWG reactor (this being, instead, likely in the case of direct gasification of the W1_IN stream). For this reason, current W3_IN is sent directly through pump P3 to connection 26 at the input to the SCWG reactor.
    [00114] Spillage infiltration and carbon black (streams W1_IN and W2_IN) are instead mixed within the mixing unit M1, and the resulting mixture is sent, via connection 1, to the inlet of pump P1. Upon delivery of pump P1 the mixture enters mixing unit M2, where it is further enriched with a water-based liquid stream (which will be described below) which flows into connection 31LIQ.
    [00115] The mixing unit M2 then sends the mixture as a whole (infiltration of waste, carbon black and aqueous stream within connection 31LIQ) to the SCWO reactor inlet via connection 3 for the treatment of supercritical water oxidation.
    [00116] The supercritical water oxidation reaction proceeds according to the modalities described above and the reaction products leave partly through connection 5 as a mixture of products in supercritical aqueous phase and partly as inert solid products or inert ash IAO, comprising the possible precipitated salts produced during the supercritical water oxidation reaction.
    [00117] The oxidation reaction products are then transported to connection 5 within the first flow path of the HEX1 heat exchanger (where they produce heat for the fluid flowing in the second flow path and coming from connection 21, such as will be described) and exit through connection 7.
    [00118] From here, the reaction products go through the first flow path of the HEX2 heat exchanger, where an additional heat transfer occurs, this time to the thermofuel fluid (THER1IN, THER1OUT flows) that flows in the second flow path of the HEX2 heat exchanger.
    [00119] The flow of reaction products from the SCWO reactor then exits the HEX2 heat exchanger through connection 8 and from here flows to the HEX3 heat exchanger, within which an additional heat exchange with heat transfer takes place for fluid flowing into the second flow path of the HEX3 heat exchanger and coming from duct 20 (as will be described below).
    [00120] The flow of reaction products - at a temperature significantly lower than at the output of the SCWO reactor - leaves the HEX3 heat exchanger and is sent, through connection 9, to the COOL5 cooler. It then enters the FLASH1 separator after passing through the rolling valve V1, in which a first pressure reduction is obtained at values compatible with the mechanical strength of the membranes of the MEMBR1 unit. The flow of reaction products, which, as said, is in the form of an aqueous solution, is then separated into liquid and gas phases by the FLASH1 separator.
    [00121] The gaseous component of the reaction product stream leaves the FLASH1 separator via the 11GAS connection and mainly contains carbon dioxide CO2, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and water vapor (H2O). From here, the gas mixture is brought to atmospheric pressure by means of valve V2, it is heated in the HEAT heat exchanger by one of the streams to be cooled (eg the stream flowing at connections 9, 27 or 31) and enters in the SCRUB sulfur scrubber via connection 18. Preferably, the sulfur scrubber operates by chemically absorbing SOx in water added with calcium carbonate. The scrubbing operation leads to the release into the atmosphere of a GAS_OUT exhaust gas composed of carbon dioxide, water vapour, a small amount of oxygen and nitrogen, and possibly trace amounts of sulfur dioxide or trioxide below the legal limits.
    [00122] The liquid phase component of the reaction product stream - which basically consists of acidic water containing a certain amount of sulfur dioxide (SO2) produced in the oxidation reaction of supercritical water together with sulfur trioxide (SO3) under the sulfuric acid form H2SO4 - leaves the FLASH1 separator through the 11LIQ connection and enters the MEMBR1 membrane separator, where it is separated into a stream of substantially pure water, which is sent to the connection 12 to the P4 pump inlet. This stream of substantially pure water consists of water practically free of salts and other species, whose purity, which is normally quite high, depends on the performance of the membranes used. It is more than adequate water for its use for subsequent superheating and supply at the inlet of the gasification reactor, as will be described below.
    [00123] The P4 pump sends the flow of pure water (PW current) to connection 20 and through the HEX3 heat exchanger, where the water undergoes a first heating because of the heat exchange with the flow of flowing reaction products in the first flow path of the HEX3 heat exchanger. The heated water then exits the HEX3 heat exchanger via connection 21 and enters the second flow path of the HEX1 heat exchanger, where it is heated to supercritical conditions due to the strong flow of heat exchanged with the reaction products. high temperature output from the SCWO reactor.
    [00124] The supercritical water then leaves the HEX1 heat exchanger and proceeds to the input of the SCWG reactor through connection 22, the HEX4 heat exchanger (generally not used, but provided for the purposes of greater flexibility of operation with regard to the modulation of the gasification temperature at values below 600 °C, with a consequent increase in the methane yield ) and connection 25.
    [00125] As will be appreciated, this means that part of the aqueous stream that has already passed through the SCWO reactor is preheated in the HEX1 and HEX3 heat exchangers by the reaction products of the SCWO reactor itself before entering the SCWG reactor. Thus, it will be clearly understood how the aqueous stream PW, which flows in series through the SCWO and SCWG reactors, provides thermal integration (in general, energy integration) between the oxidation section and the gasification section within plant 1.
    [00126] The other stream leaving the membrane separator MEMBR1 is substantially acidic water that passes through the connection 13, the lamination valve V3 and the connection 14 and enters the NEUTRAL neutralizer. Inside the neutralizer, the acidic aqueous solution is neutralized thanks to the contribution of the inflow of calcium carbonate CACO3IN, producing a solid SLD as residue (mixture of calcium sulphate and sulphite). In addition, it should be noted that, from the NEUTRAL neutralizer, a turbid water stream containing CaCO3 is fed, via connection 15-1, to the SCRUB sulfur scrubber, which then removes from the gas stream GAS_OUT the sulfur oxides SOx that exceed the right limits, and then return to the NEUTRAL neutralizer itself, via connection 19.
    [00127] The flow that leaves the NEUTRAL neutralizer reaches, through connection 15, the SPL divider, which sends a first part of the fluid flow containing excess calcium carbonate to connection 15-1 so that it enters the sulfur scrubber SCRUB to eliminate residual gaseous sulfur dioxide.
    [00128] The remaining part of the flux is sent to connection 15-2 and enters the membrane separator MEMBR2, which discharges pure SWW water to the environment for subsequent uses and recirculates the residual flux, which still contains acidic and/or sulfurous species , towards the NEUTRAL neutralizer for a new neutralization / precipitation treatment.
    [00129] To return to the SCWG supercritical water gasification reactor, it is supplied with heavy oil (current W3_IN) by pump P3 through duct 26 and is fed by supercritical water preheated by the HEX1 and HEX3 heat exchangers as described above.
    [00130] The heavy oil is treated in the SCWG reactor according to the modalities described above, resulting in the emission of inert ash IAG (discharge 28) and a flow of reaction products that leaves the reactor through connection 27. From here, the flow of reaction products enters cooler COOL2, whereby it is cooled before entering the first flow path of the HEX5 heat exchanger. Within this, the flow of reaction products is cooled by a flow of thermofuel fluid THER2IN which flows in the second flow path and exits at a lower temperature at connection 30. It should be noted that the THER1OUT and THER2OUT flows, which are both characterized by a temperature higher than the corresponding input streams THER1IN and THER2IN, are mixed in the M4 mixing unit and sent from the plant as the THERMOUT stream for subsequent uses, eg for the production of electrical energy by means of thermodynamic cycles based on organic fluids (ORC - Organic Rankine cycle).
    [00131] The flow of reaction products from the SCWG reactor leaves the HEX5 heat exchanger through duct 30 and proceeds to cooler COOL3, and then - at a lower temperature - proceeds to connection 31 of the liquid separator / FLASH3 gas.
    [00132] The FLASH3 separator separates the liquid and gas phases of the reaction products of the SCWG reactor: the fraction in the liquid phase (which contains the ungasified organic species in the SCWG reactor) is recirculated to the M2 mixing unit through the connection 31LIQ and is then sent to the SCWO reactor for treatment after premixing with the W1_IN and W2_IN streams within the M2 mixing unit. In general, it should be noted that, in other embodiments, only one of the organic streams fed to plant 1 can reach the mixer, in addition to the stream flowing at the 31LIQ connection.
    [00133] It should be noted, among other things, that all aqueous flows within plant 1 are continuously supplied by the process of elimination and recovery of the waste itself, avoiding the consumption of precious water from the environment, with obvious advantages in terms of environmental impact and ecological sustainability of the process.
    [00134] The gas phase fraction of the reaction products from the SCWG reactor is instead sent to the 31GAS connection, passes through the rolling valve V4 and the 32 connection, and enters the hydrogen sulfide separator H2SREM. The elemental sulfur stream S_OUT is released by the latter into the environment, while the purified gaseous stream leaving the H2SREM separator goes through connection 33 and enters the carbon dioxide separator CO2REM, from which the carbon dioxide stream CO2OUT it is released to the environment (or sent for other uses).
    [00135] Finally, the gaseous stream is still purged and sent to connection 34 and then to the isothermal catalytic converter H2CONV, used to convert residual hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide into methane and water, according to specifications of the law for entry into the biomethane grid (in particular, the Electricity and Gas Authority standard 498/2014 and the UNI / TR 11537 standard) and exits as CH4OUT stream. Therefore, it should be noted that the set of separators H2SREM, CO2REM and the isothermal catalytic converter H2CONV in place provides an assembly for the post-treatment of the gas fraction of the reaction products of the SCWG reactor.
    [00136] It should be emphasized that the entire block of devices for the treatment of gases and liquids described above becomes necessary because the organic streams fed in this example contain significant amounts of sulfur, which forms SO2 and SO3 in the oxidation reaction and H2S in the gasification reaction. In case the inlet organic streams do not contain sulfur, the method will remain substantially unchanged with respect to the connection and thermal integration of the two SCWO and SCWG reactors, while the sulfur scrubbing treatments of the liquid and gas streams would not be necessary.
    [00137] As an additional note, it was previously stated that the HEX4 heat exchanger is not strictly necessary for the operation of plant 1. An example of an operating condition where it can be useful is where the SCWG reactor is required. to operate at a lower temperature in the presence of a gasification catalyst. The HEX4 heat exchanger would therefore act as a cooler.
    [00138] From what was described above, the operation at a lower temperature allows to obtain a greater production of methane, as it favors the methanation reaction. In this context, the HEX4 heat exchanger can be traversed by a thermofuel diathermic fluid, such as the HEX2 and HEX5 heat exchangers, in order to cool the water that is already in supercritical conditions by itself after passing through the HEX3 and HEX1 heat exchangers to power the SCWG reactor at the desired temperature.
    [00139] Based on the above description, the advantages listed below of plant 1 and the waste disposal method according to the invention can therefore be appreciated.
    [00140] i) Part (or all, in the case of supply with currents poor in organic components) of the thermal energy generated by the combustion of waste in the SCWO reactor is used to support the SCWG reactor, which requires thermal energy to heat the water and the waste streams to the operating temperature necessary for the gasification reaction to take place, as this temperature is lower than that of the SCWO reactor.
    [00141] ii) Two different high pressure flows are obtained from the gasification reaction of supercritical water after cooling the reaction products of the SCWG reactor. In particular, you get a gas phase flow that contains precious gases such as hydrogen and methane, and a liquid phase flow that contains most of the water fed to the SCWG reactor, all organic species that have not reacted or have only partially reacted , as well as harmful species such as hydrogen sulfide H2S and possible other inorganic species dissolved in water. This residue, especially hydrogen sulfide, would give rise to serious disposal problems in a plant comprising a single supercritical water gasification reactor.
    [00142] Instead, in the present combined plant they are simply fed to the supercritical water oxidation section where they are completely destroyed. The oxidation of supercritical water is, in fact, so-called BAT (Best Available Technology), known for being able to treat virtually any pollutant with the result of producing a stream of products at a perfectly safe outlet. In addition, the provision of an after-treatment unit that is capable of purifying the flow of products leaving the SCWG reactor of harmful species, such as hydrogen sulfide H2S (thanks to the H2SREM separator), converting it into elemental sulfur , certainly constitutes a highly qualified element for plant 1.
    [00143] iii) Part of the thermal energy produced in the SCWO oxidation reactor is exploited to heat the water at the entrance to the SCWG gasification reactor in any case, recovering in the form of heat from the process to another part and sending it through the thermocombustible fluid, for various uses. These uses may include the production of electrical energy in an ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) assembly, production of steam for industrial use, district heating, supply of high quality thermal energy to other process units and/or other equipment for residential use, commercial, and/or industrial, limiting the contribution of thermal energy in terms of traditional fossil fuel consumption or thermal energy supplied to the system as a whole only in the startup phases and/or after possible plant downtime after operations maintenance.
    [00144] iv) Furthermore, in addition to the combined process discussed above, namely the use of the SCWO reactor to supply energy to the SCWG reactor, as well as for the processing of the liquid phase fraction of the reaction products as a result of the latter, it can be envisaged other integrations within the process.
    [00145] For example, in case of significant presence of sulfur in the waste streams fed to the SCWG reactor and consequent high presence of hydrogen sulfide in the produced gas, it may be convenient, after separating this component from the gaseous product stream, to also provide to the SCWO reactor, within which it can be converted to sulfur oxides, which can be easily treated with sludge scrubbing operations which are in themselves well known.
    [00146] v) The thermal combination between the two processes (supercritical water oxidation and supercritical water gasification) is generally always possible to a variable extent according to the type of waste treated, which determines the energies available at different temperature levels .
    [00147] vi) The method and plant for waste disposal described herein are, furthermore, well suited to support the supercritical water gasification reaction within the SCWG reactor by means of catalytic devices in order to improve its performance and allow the regulation of the composition of the gas produced for the purposes of its introduction into the grid.
    [00148] vii) The method and plan for the disposal (and recovery) of waste described here are well suited for an ecologically sustainable recovery of treated waste, both in terms of energy, with the production of streams that can be used for different purposes, among which also the production of electric energy and in terms of production of flows with high added value (biomethane compatible with the specifications for introduction into the grid). In particular, the second generation biofuel is produced with high energy efficiency of the process and with high yields in terms of recovery and recovery of waste at the entrance, with minimal and completely insignificant environmental impact, which makes the process as a whole ecologically sustainable.
    [00149] Obviously, construction details and modalities may vary widely from what has been described and illustrated here, without departing from the scope of the present invention, as defined in the appended claims.
    [00150] For example, different circuit diagrams and/or different numbers of components can be provided, according to the needs, in relation to what has been described and illustrated. For example, in simpler plants, the set of HEX1, HEX2, HEX3 heat exchangers can be reduced to a single HEX 1 heat exchanger (previous supply of THER1IN thermal fuel fluid) or to the set of HEX1 and HEX2 heat exchangers (safeguarding the possibility of using the thermal energy transferred to the thermal fuel fluid elsewhere).
    [00151] In addition, it is possible to eliminate all or some of the COOL1-5 cooler (which cools the flow before separation), thus improving the characteristics of the HEX1 to HEX5 heat exchangers.
    权利要求:
    Claims (19)
    [0001]
    1. Plant (1) for the disposal of waste, characterized in that it includes: - a supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO), - a supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG), - a feed system configured for feed at least two organic waste streams (W1_IN, W2_IN, W3_IN, Wn_IN) to said supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO) and supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG) and configured to feed at least one aqueous stream (PW , PLS) within said plant (1), wherein said feed system is configured to feed said at least one aqueous stream (PW, PLS) with a series flow through said supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO) ) and supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG) and wherein said feed system is further configured to feed said at least two organic waste streams with a parallel flow through said water reactor. supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) and supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG) and in order to selectively feed each of said organic waste streams to said supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO) or to said gasification reactor of supercritical water (SCWG).
    [0002]
    2. Plant (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that said at least one aqueous stream includes:- a first aqueous stream (PLS) including reaction products of said supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG) ), said first aqueous stream being fed by said supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG) to said supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO).
    [0003]
    3. Plant (1), according to claim 2, characterized in that: - said at least one aqueous stream further includes a second aqueous stream (PW) from said supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO), said second aqueous stream being fed by said supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO) to said supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG), and- said feed system is further configured to supply another aqueous stream (WW_IN) to said supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG), wherein said second aqueous stream (PW) is fed by said feed system when the additional aqueous stream (WW_IN) fed to said supercritical water gasification reactor has a flow rate that is insufficient in relation to the demand of the supercritical water gasification reactor, in order to restore a required flow rate.
    [0004]
    4. Plant (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the reaction products (PW) of said supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWO) flow through a first flow path of a first (HEX1), a second (HEX2) and a third (HEX3) heat exchangers and are sent to a first liquid/gas separator (FLASH1), said second heat exchanger having a second flow path traversed by a thermofuel fluid diathermic (THER1IN, THER1OUT).
    [0005]
    5. Plant (1) according to claim 4, characterized in that said first liquid/gas separator (FLASH1) is configured to separate the flow of reaction products from said supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO) ) in a liquid phase flow (11LIQ) that passes through a first membrane separator (MEMBR1) and a gas phase flow (11GAS) that is sent to a sulfur scrubber (SCRUB).
    [0006]
    6. Plant (1) according to claim 5, characterized in that said first membrane separator (MEMBR1) is configured to separate said liquid phase stream (11LIQ) to:- a water stream (12 ) which is sent to said supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG) crossing the second flow path of said third heat exchanger (HEX3) and said first heat exchanger (HEX1) so that it is heated to a supercritical temperature by the flow of reaction products from said supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO) which passes through the first flow path of the first (HEX1) and third (HEX3) heat exchangers, and- in an acidic aqueous solution flow which is sent to a neutralizer (NEUTRAL).
    [0007]
    7. Plant (1) according to claim 6, characterized in that said neutralizer (NEUTRAL) is configured to neutralize said acidic aqueous solution flow, in particular by means of a calcium carbonate flow (CACO3IN ), and is further configured to feed the neutralized acidic aqueous solution flow to a splitter (SPL) that sends a first fraction thereof (15-1) containing excess calcium carbonate to said sulfur scrubber (SCRUB) and a second fraction of it (15-2) to a second membrane separator (MEMBR2) which extracts a stream of pure water (SWW) from it and uses the remaining stream (16) to said neutralizer (NEUTRAL).
    [0008]
    8. Plant (1), according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the reaction products of said supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG) are cooled (COOL2, HEX5, COOL3) and sent to a third membrane separator (FLASH3) which is configured to separate the flow of said reaction products into a liquid phase fraction (31LIQ) and a gas phase fraction (31GAS), wherein the liquid phase fraction (31LIQ) constitutes the first aqueous stream (PLS) that is fed to said supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO), while the gas phase fraction (31GAS) is sent to a post-treatment unit (H2SREM, CO2REM, H2CONV).
    [0009]
    9. Plant (1) according to claim 8, characterized in that the liquid phase fraction (31LIQ) is fed to a mixing unit (M2) configured to mix said liquid phase fraction with a mixture of one or more of said at least two organic waste streams (W1_IN, W2_IN) for delivery to said supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO) for its treatment.
    [0010]
    10. Plant (1) according to claim 8, characterized in that said after-treatment unit (HS2REM, CO2REM, H2CONV) includes a hydrogen sulfide separator (H2SREM), a carbon dioxide separator ( CO2REM) and an isothermal catalytic reactor (H2CONV) configured for the conversion of hydrogen and carbon monoxide to water and methane.
    [0011]
    11. Plant according to claim 8, characterized in that the reaction products of said supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG) are cooled by flowing through a first cooler (COOL2), a heat exchanger (HEX5) and a second cooler (COOL3) arranged in series with each other, wherein said heat exchanger (HEX5) is traversed by a diathermic thermofuel fluid (THER2IN, THER2OUT).
    [0012]
    12. Method for waste disposal in a plant (1) for waste disposal, including: - a supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO), - a supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG), - a system of feed of waste streams configured to feed at least two organic streams (W1_IN, W2_IN, W3_IN, Wn_IN) of waste to said supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO) and supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG) and to feeding at least one aqueous stream (PW, PLS) into said plant (1), the method characterized in that it comprises the steps of:- feeding, through said feeding system, said at least two organic streams of residues (W1_IN, W2_IN, W3_IN, Wn_IN) with a parallel flow through said supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO) and supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG) and in order to selectively send each of said organic streams to and residues to said supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO) or to said supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG), - feeding, by means of said feed system, said at least one aqueous stream (PW, PLS ) with a series flow through said supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG) and supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO).
    [0013]
    13. Method according to claim 12, characterized in that said at least one aqueous stream includes a first aqueous stream (PLS) including reaction products of said supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG), said first aqueous stream being fed by said supercritical water gasification reactor to said supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO).
    [0014]
    14. Method according to claim 13, characterized in that:- said at least one aqueous stream further includes a second aqueous stream (PW) from said supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO), said second aqueous stream being fed by said supercritical water oxidation reactor to said supercritical water gasification reactor, and said feed system being further configured to feed another aqueous stream (WW_IN) to said water gasification reactor. supercritical water (SCWO), said method further including feeding said second aqueous stream (PW) via said feed system, when the other aqueous stream (WW_IN) fed to said supercritical water gasification reactor has a flow rate which is insufficient in relation to the demand of the supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG) in order to restore a required flow rate.
    [0015]
    15. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it further includes cooling the reaction products of said supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO) and feeding the cooled reaction products to a first separator of liquid / gas (FLASH1) configured to separate the flow of reaction products into a liquid phase fraction (11LIQ) and a gas phase fraction (11GAS).
    [0016]
    16. Method according to claim 15, characterized in that it further comprises sending said liquid phase fraction (11LIQ) to a first membrane separator (MEMBR1) configured to separate said liquid flow into: - a flow of water (PW) which is recirculated and used for cooling reaction products of said supercritical water oxidation reactor (SCWO) to be heated under supercritical conditions for use in said supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG), said water flow (PW) constituting said first aqueous stream, - a flow of acidic aqueous solution which is sent to a neutralizer (NEUTRAL) and further comprising sending said gas phase fraction (11GAS) to a sulfur scavenger ( SCRUB).
    [0017]
    17. Method according to any one of claims 12 to 16, characterized in that it further includes neutralizing said acidic aqueous solution stream in said neutralizer and the neutralized acidic aqueous solution stream: - in part to a second separator membrane (MEMBR2) configured to extract a stream of pure water (PW) and to redistribute the remaining stream to said neutralizer (NEUTRAL) and partly to the sulfur scrubber (SCRUB).
    [0018]
    18. Method according to claim 11, characterized in that it further comprises cooling the reaction products of said supercritical water gasification reactor (SCWG) and sending the cooled reaction products to a liquid/gas separator (FLASH3 ) configured to separate the flow of said reaction products into a liquid phase fraction (31LIQ) and a gas phase fraction (11GAS), said liquid phase fraction being said second aqueous stream (PLS).
    [0019]
    19. The method of claim 18, further including sending said liquid phase fraction (31LIQ) to the inlet of said supercritical water oxidation reactor and sending said gas phase fraction ( 31GAS) for an after-treatment unit (H2SREM, CO2REM, H2CONV).
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    2021-07-27| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 11/04/2016, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |
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